# Part 3: Matching pennies¶

We will now create a “Matching pennies” game with the following features:

• 4 rounds
• The roles of the players will be reversed halfway through
• In each round, a “history box” will display the results of previous rounds
• A random round will be chosen for payment

The completed app is here.

## Create the app¶

$otree startapp my_matching_pennies  ## Define models.py¶ We define our constants as we have previously. Matching pennies is a 2-person game and the payoff for winning a paying round is 100 points. In this case, the game has 4 rounds, so we set num_rounds (see Rounds). class Constants(BaseConstants): name_in_url = 'my_matching_pennies' players_per_group = 2 num_rounds = 4 stakes = c(100)  Now let’s define our Player class: • In each round, each player decides “Heads” or “Tails”, so we define a field penny_side, which will be displayed as a radio button. • We also have a boolean field is_winner that records if this player won this round. • We define the role method (see Groups) to define which player is the “Matcher” and which is the “Mismatcher”. So we have: class Player(BasePlayer): penny_side = models.CharField( choices=['Heads', 'Tails'], widget=widgets.RadioSelect ) is_winner = models.BooleanField() def role(self): if self.id_in_group == 1: return 'Mismatcher' if self.id_in_group == 2: return 'Matcher'  Now let’s define the code to randomly choose a round for payment. Let’s define the code in Subsession.creating_session, which is the place to put code that initializes the state of the game. (See creating_session.) First, put this line at the top of the file, so we can use Python’s built-in random module: import random  The value of the chosen round is “global” rather than different for each participant, so the logical place to store it is as a “global” variable in self.session.vars (see session.vars). So, we start by writing something like this, which chooses a random integer between 1 and 4, and then assigns it into session.vars: class Subsession(BaseSubsession): def creating_session(self): paying_round = random.randint(1, Constants.num_rounds) self.session.vars['paying_round'] = paying_round  There is a slight mistake, however. Because there are 4 rounds (i.e. subsessions), this code will get executed 4 times, each time overwriting the previous value of session.vars['paying_round'], which is superfluous. We can fix this with an if statement that makes it only run once (if round_number is 1; see Rounds): class Subsession(BaseSubsession): def creating_session(self): if self.round_number == 1: paying_round = random.randint(1, Constants.num_rounds) self.session.vars['paying_round'] = paying_round  Now, let’s also define the code to swap roles halfway through. This kind of group-shuffling code should also go in creating_session. We put it after our existing code. So, in round 3, we should do the shuffle, and then in round 4, use group_like_round(3) to copy the group structure from round 3. (See group_like_round) We use group.get_players() to get the ordered list of players in each group, and then reverse it (e.g. the list [P1, P2] becomes [P2, P1]). Then we use group.set_players() to set this as the new group order: class Subsession(BaseSubsession): def creating_session(self): if self.round_number == 1: paying_round = random.randint(1, Constants.num_rounds) self.session.vars['paying_round'] = paying_round if self.round_number == 3: # reverse the roles for group in self.get_groups(): players = group.get_players() players.reverse() group.set_players(players) if self.round_number > 3: self.group_like_round(3)  (You can learn more about group shuffling in Group matching.) Now we define our Group class. We define the payoff method. We use get_player_by_role to fetch each of the 2 players in the group. We could also use get_player_by_id, but I find it easier to identify the players by their roles as matcher/mismatcher. Then, depending on whether the penny sides match, we either make P1 or P2 the winner. So, we start with this: class Group(BaseGroup): def set_payoffs(self): matcher = self.get_player_by_role('Matcher') mismatcher = self.get_player_by_role('Mismatcher') if matcher.penny_side == mismatcher.penny_side: matcher.is_winner = True mismatcher.is_winner = False else: matcher.is_winner = False mismatcher.is_winner = True  Now let’s set payoffs. Remember that the player should only receive a payoff if the current round is the randomly chosen paying round. Otherwise, the payoff should be 0. So, we check the current round number and compare it against the value we previously stored in session.vars. We loop through both players ([P1,P2], or [mismatcher, matcher]) and do the same check for both of them. class Group(BaseGroup): def set_payoffs(self): matcher = self.get_player_by_role('Matcher') mismatcher = self.get_player_by_role('Mismatcher') if matcher.penny_side == mismatcher.penny_side: matcher.is_winner = True mismatcher.is_winner = False else: matcher.is_winner = False mismatcher.is_winner = True for player in [mismatcher, matcher]: if self.round_number == self.session.vars['paying_round'] and player.is_winner: player.payoff = Constants.stakes  ## Define the templates and views¶ This game has 2 main pages: • A Choice page that gets repeated for each round. The user is asked to choose heads/tails, and they are also shown a “history box” showing the results of previous rounds. • A ResultsSummary page that only gets displayed once at the end, and tells the user their final payoff. ### Choice¶ In views.py, we define the Choice page. This page should contain a form field that sets player.penny_side, so we set form_model and form_fields. Also, on this page we would like to display a “history box” table that shows the result of all previous rounds. So, we can use player.in_previous_rounds(), which returns a list referring to the same participant in rounds 1, 2, 3, etc. (For more on the distinction between “player” and “participant”, see Participant.) class Choice(Page): form_model = models.Player form_fields = ['penny_side'] def vars_for_template(self): return { 'player_in_previous_rounds': self.player.in_previous_rounds(), }  We then create a template Choice.html below. This is similar to the templates we have previously created, but note the {% for %} loop that creates all rows in the history table. {% for %} is part of the Django template language. {% extends "global/Page.html" %} {% load staticfiles otree %} {% block title %} Round {{ subsession.round_number }} of {{ Constants.num_rounds }} {% endblock %} {% block content %} <h4>Instructions</h4> <p> This is a matching pennies game. Player 1 is the 'Mismatcher' and wins if the choices mismatch; Player 2 is the 'Matcher' and wins if they match. </p> <p> At the end, a random round will be chosen for payment. </p> <h4>Round history</h4> <table class="table"> <tr> <th>Round</th> <th>Player and outcome</th> </tr> {% for p in player_in_previous_rounds %} <tr> <td>{{ p.round_number }}</td> <td> You were the {{ p.role }} and {% if p.is_winner %} won {% else %} lost {% endif %} </td> </tr> {% endfor %} </table> <p> In this round, you are the {{ player.role }}. </p> {% formfield player.penny_side label="I choose:" %} {% next_button %} {% endblock %}  ### ResultsWaitPage¶ Before a player proceeds to the next round’s Choice page, they need to wait for the other player to complete the Choice page as well. So, as usual, we use a WaitPage. Also, once both players have arrived at the wait page, we call the set_payoffs method we defined earlier. class ResultsWaitPage(WaitPage): def after_all_players_arrive(self): self.group.set_payoffs()  ### ResultsSummary¶ Let’s create ResultsSummary.html: {% extends "global/Page.html" %} {% load staticfiles otree %} {% block title %} Final results {% endblock %} {% block content %} <table class="table"> <tr> <th>Round</th> <th>Player and outcome</th> </tr> {% for p in player_in_all_rounds %} <tr> <td>{{ p.round_number }}</td> <td> You were the {{ p.role }} and {% if p.is_winner %} won {% else %} lost {% endif %} </td> </tr> {% endfor %} </table> <p> The paying round was {{ paying_round }}. Your total payoff is therefore {{ total_payoff }}. </p> {% endblock %}  Now we define the corresponding class in views.py. • It only gets shown in the last round, so we set is_displayed accordingly. • We retrieve the value of paying_round from session.vars • We get the user’s total payoff by summing up how much they made in each round. • We pass the round history to the template with player.in_all_rounds() In the Choice page we used in_previous_rounds, but here we use in_all_rounds. This is because we also want to include the result of the current round. class ResultsSummary(Page): def is_displayed(self): return self.round_number == Constants.num_rounds def vars_for_template(self): return { 'total_payoff': sum([p.payoff for p in self.player.in_all_rounds()]), 'paying_round': self.session.vars['paying_round'], 'player_in_all_rounds': self.player.in_all_rounds(), }  The payoff is calculated in a Python “list comprehension”. These are frequently used in the oTree sample games, so if you are curious you can read online about how list comprehensions work. The same code could be written as: total_payoff = 0 for p in self.player.in_all_rounds(): total_payoff += p.payoff return { 'total_payoff': total_payoff, ...  ### Page sequence¶ Now we define the page_sequence: page_sequence = [ Choice, ResultsWaitPage, ResultsSummary ]  This page sequence will loop for each round. However, ResultsSummary is skipped in every round except the last, because of how we set is_displayed, resulting in this sequence of pages: • Choice [Round 1] • ResultsWaitPage [Round 1] • Choice [Round 2] • ResultsWaitPage [Round 2] • Choice [Round 3] • ResultsWaitPage [Round 3] • Choice [Round 4] • ResultsWaitPage [Round 4] • ResultsSummary [Round 4] ## Add an entry to SESSION_CONFIGS in settings.py¶ When we run a real experiment in the lab, we will want multiple groups, but to test the demo we just set num_demo_participants to 2, meaning there will be 1 group. { 'name': 'my_matching_pennies', 'display_name': "My Matching Pennies (tutorial version)", 'num_demo_participants': 2, 'app_sequence': [ 'my_matching_pennies', ], },  ## Reset the database and run¶ $ otree resetdb
\$ otree runserver